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Definable cursor shape. Math functions. Formula evaluation. A label-printing mode. Nested linking of files on output. And on and on. He can be reached at P. Increase t he speed ofyour programs by as much as times.

FLASH win make programs that go to disk operate faster! U mi ted time. But, like overprotective parents who prevent their children from learning how to cope with life, these products can lull you into a false sense of security. The first time you load the program, it builds an internal list of your directories and the executable files in your MS-DOS path the list is updated whenever you make changes.

Detente bases its presentation of choices on spelling, but if you like you can view all the possibilities. What I like about this program is its configurability. IBM version. SimplSoft Products Inc. Suite G-5 P. Software Inc. Box Hainesville Rd. You perform block operations with a quick cut and paste. In the latter mode, it behaves in much the same fashion as Detente; warnings can be as mild as a gentle beep or as fierce as complete refusal to let you enter a word not in the dictionary.

Both are excellent products that you might not hear about from your local software dealer. You can install any or all of the tools into the framework. The result is a pop-up utility that covers only the functions you need. Although some of the more straightforward tools, such as the statistics calculator, require only one screen, many of the modules use a long series of linked screens.

A good example is the personal financial statement, which uses separate schedules for different sorts of assets and liabilities. The program gives you a data-entry screen of 20 lines a status line at the top and a function-key menu at the bottom occupy the rest of the display. Each line is divided into three areas. Think of it as the equivalent of the tape from a printing calculator. The third area is simply a space for remarks or line labels. You can use It Figures to perform any top-down computation.

The program is a breeze to use, and you can get the hang of it by checking out a couple of sample worksheets. If you get stuck, thorough on-line help is available. No more doodling while your database goes digging. Or lollygagging while your spreadsheet loads. Fast Forward can. Much faster than hard disks.

Hundreds of times faster than floppies. Programs requiring frequent disk access like dBase III will show amazing improvements. And adding extended memory gives Fast Forward more room to work. You can buy a faster computer Or an expensive accelerator board.

Or by calling MWC Lubrano, and Rochelle Theophano It is becoming increasingly clear that we are seeing the birth of a new generation of personal computer hardware. More and more Intel and Motorola based computer systems are being introduced all the time. Sometime in the near future, we may also begin seeing LANs that are truly easy to use for the average personal computer user.

Does all this mean that we will see a new generation of software, or are we merely going to do the same things fester, in living color, and with more people? Think for a moment of the processing speed of the —at 3 to 4 million instructions per second, it is almost six times faster than the older Imagine if your car could suddenly drive six times faster; think of where you could go and what you could do. Most of us use software because we have a specific job we want to get done.

We want results, and we want the software to help us get there. This, then, is our second maxim: Hardware may drive software, but software answers the needs of the user. Software has to earn its keep. A Lesson from the Past workers commonly used. A whole gener- Following this maxim, it is easy to see ation of personal computer word-pro- why advances in software have as much to cessing programs followed that met the do with changes in how people use com- needs of these users by emulating the puters as they do with changes in technol- dedicated systems already in use.

Multi- ogy. For example, look at what has hap- Mate, OfficeWriter, and Samna are the pened with word-processing software three best-known programs, over the past few years.

In the early Then a curious thing happened. The s, personal computers were known so-called knowledge workers—those who only to those adventuresome souls who had once dictated the words that the sec- were willing to tinker with the technol- retaries then transcribed—discovered ogy. The software then available reflected word processing. A new wave of pro- this hands-on approach.

The earliest continued word-processing programs, such as - - - WordStar, were little more than program Oliver L. The evaluation of database, graphics , word- price, flexibility, and capability of these processing , and project-management machines made them attractive alterna- software.

They can be reached at Datapro tives to the dedicated word-processing Research Corporation, Underwood systems that secretaries and clerical Bhd. Whither Word Processing? Within a year, all high-end word-pro- cessing programs will support improved laser-generated output. In this sense, desktop publishing is really an extension of our present use of word-processing software.

There will still be a need for separate paste-up software, like PageMaker and ReadySetGo, which has become so popular. People will expect a document-control program to match the current flow of documents in their offices. The first is the availability of high-quality graphics , which is turning even text- based applications like word processing into ones that make extensive use of such graphics-intensive features as bit-mapped character displays, windows, and in-text charts.

The second trend is increasing connectivity , specifically, LANs, micro- computer-to-mainframe gateways, public information networks, and departmental computing.

The last trend, specialization , is more ephemeral and more controversial. Still, people use software for a job, so they want software that will match their needs as closely as possible.

Many of these markets need custom-tailored tools that will stretch the imagination of the software vendors. Consequently, the average user of database programs has always been more technically proficient than, say, the average word-processing user. Paradox is one minor example of how this technology can be used. Paradox lets users define their queries in a form on-screen, independent of any concerns about index structures or query syntax.

Super Keys S LI 5 J Easy Plus windowing. Poyroll Tutor SI ITOH printers C CALL C Holf Height Drive Holo 11 ,. Direct inti.. Modem Coble.. Porollel Printer Coble. Areyou being as productive asyou can be with your computer? An editor should be a tool, not an obstacle to getting the job done. September What makes UNIX so powerful?

Now the most powerful and popular of these are available for your PC! For only S Site licenses are available. Dealer inquiries invited. MC and Visa accepted without surcharge. Thirty day money back guarantee if not satisfied! Available in 5W'. For more information call today! BOX MA R Query-by-forms systems are just 3ne small example. Graphics in the Database In general, the new graphics technologies hold great promise for database software. As scanners and optical disks become more prevalent, graphics are no longer going to be seen as just pretty pictures but as an integral part of a data record.

Connectivity is another important issue for database programs. It is long past ne for the development of a good LAN itabase, since databases are usually de- d, maintained, and used by groups, not individuals. But connectivity is only an evolutionary change. The more significant changes will come as the Dridge between microcomputers and mainframe computers becomes stronger.

Suddenly, issues like data compatibility, distributed processing, and security will Decome paramount. For two decades, project management was solely a mainframe-based operation, mostly used for extensive defense and civil-engineering projects. For example, instead of paging through detailed text and numeric data, you can view a Gantt chart to see exactly when a task is scheduled. Furthermore, you can turn to a Pert chart to view the relationships between certain tasks.

Software protection must reside outside the actual storage media. The technique can then be made as tamper proof as deemed necessary. If one is clever enough, patent law can be brought to bear on the method. Software protection is at a crossroads and the choices are clear. Tograni Back-ups : You may make as many copies of ihe program diskette as you wish.

Data Back-ups : Use normal back-up and restore commands, including backing up sub-directories containing program files. Follow the same installation page of this manual. The Block with the normal operation of any Soon all software installation procedures will he as straightforward as this. The only difference will he whether you include the option lo steal your product or not.

In reality, the only people who could object are those who would like the option of stealing your company's product. It comes with a unique customer product number programmed into the circuit. Once it is in place users are essentially unaware of its presence. Once you understand the principle of The BLOCK, hundreds of possibilities will manifest themselves, limited only by your imagination.

Your efforts, investments and intellectual property belong to you, and you have an obligation, to protect them. Call today for our brochure, or a demo unit. This gateway lets users unite simple-to-use, low-end functions with sophisticated and versatile, high- end functions.

Do It My Way Project management software has grown so much that it now stretches over a broad range of professions. FormWorx has the features you need for crisp, effective forms.

You can draw vertical and horizontal lines single, double and bold that print perfectly straight and solid. Use normal, wide, and large type sizes for titles and labels. And your forms can be any practical size, up to 11 " x 14". Lefs you fill out forms perfectly.

E Enclosed is my check or money order payable to FormWorx Corp. See for yourself. Special offer! Plus free telephone support.

Ask your dealer or order directly: 1 - - in Mass. In fact, Qwiknet, from Project. How can project management software that is used for the petroleum industry be adapted to work in an educational environment? These are just a few, but look for more of this type of specialized project management software to be available within the next several years. Spreadsheets There has always been a unique synergy between the personal computer and the spreadsheet. The quick response and real-time processing of the computer make it a natural fit.

Ultimately, the spreadsheet should be seen as simply being a filter that lets users analyze data from a variety of different sources. Once this vast quantity of data has passed through your spreadsheet, then you have a variety of output options. The new graphics technologies could be used to produce camera-ready charts and re- continued I qu ry 63 Stumped on Software? Find the powerful applications you need at your local Radio Shack Computer Center 8.

Send me a 19B7 Software Guide. At Radio Shack Computer Centers you can choose from hundreds of powerful software paekages. And if it's not available in the store, we'll order it through our Express Order System. So visit a Radio Shack Computer Center today—it's your one-stop software store. Word processing. Data base management. JACK2 is the first integrated software product to do them all, simultaneously, on a single screen. All without ever changing disks or exiting programs.

No need for windows. No need to close one file before you open another. And no need to learn a specialized computer language. Easy to use. Easy to learn. JACK2 is as easy to master as it is powerful to use. All commands are in English. All have the identical function throughout JACK2. Integrated, the four applications of JACK2 offer unlimited potential as a business tool. Individually, they offer everything an expert could ask for.

Like multiple columns of word processing text on the same page. No more complicated data base instructions. Even the charting function was designed for convenience. Now you can sort a data base. Perform spreadsheet calculations. Edit word processing text. And illustrate your results with a barchart. All at once. All on the same screen. It is easy to use, highly visual and delightfully fast.

C dollars on a US bank. New York State residents aad appropriate sales tax. Specialization and AI Standardization makes it easy to speak of the future of Lotus in concrete terms. First, not everyone uses them for financial calculations. The spreadsheet works for us, but some rule-based AI program might be more to the point.

Instead of playing with different variables to see the individual effect on the bottom line, you want to set the bottom line and let the computer play with the variables until it gets the desired end result. Welcome to the Future We are in for some exciting times. The new hardware technologies will open up vast new capabilities in terms of speed, display, output, and information access. For all this, however, we must remember that the ultimate test is the user, who truly does know what is best.

That is what the personal computer is all about. Dac-Easy Version 2. We proudly announce Dac-Easy Accounting, the next generation. It will set new standards of performance and value. The new Dac-Easy Accounting 2. And Everyone, Its Price. New Dac-Easy Accounting destroys the myth you have to trade-off power for ease of use.

Version 2. You'll have quick, finger-tip access to vital information about cash flow, pricing, inventory turns, sales trends, profitability, and more. Seven powerful accounting modules work in perfect harmony in one system.

Add these to the features which have made Dac-Easy the fastest selling, most highly praised accounting package in history, and you'll see why Dac-Easy Accounting 2. Call with your serial number to order today! Get Version 2. You win. Act now. There is a free support on every Dac-Easy software product does not restocking fee if the disk envelope is opened. The new upgraded version of your software locks up.

And every time you reboot, you get stuck in the same place in the program. So you call the software company. Now you spend half a day beating your head against a brick wall of busy signals, ranting at recorded messages, hanging around on hold.

Meanwhile, progress is stopped and your profits are dribbling away. But wait. So, from now on, get prompt, informed answers on CompuServe Software Forums.

To buy your CompuServe Subscription Kit, see your nearest computer dealer. To order direct or for more information, call in Ohio, Borland International! Creative Solutions! Digital Research! Living Videotext! And we keep adding more. I will analyze some of the technical features that distinguish one accounting system from another.

Most such packages have been designed to run under low-end hardware configurations K or even 64K bytes and to consume minimum disk space. A number of key questions will help you find out if you can expand or upgrade a system over time. For one thing, does the software have an upward growth path?

Another hallmark of an open design is source code availability. This is rarely the case with low-end products. The willingness to provide and support source code modification places burdens on the original software designer.

More reports and proof of all changes will be necessary to prove the accuracy of the data. These audit trails are a key concern in the design continued Gary W. But in a firm where several employees update the accounts, you will be grateful for the greater levels of password protection found in a multiuser product, even if the system is running on a single workstation.

The program searches the file sequentially until it finds the right number. This is fine for small data files, but as your files grow over time, deterioration of speed becomes noticeable.

The multikey indexed sequential- access method, for example, lets you access records by name, number, or other key field. You then need to type in only the first few letters of the name, far easier than remembering the account number. Another method is to build the system on a relational database. However, the greatly increased level of indexing tends to make database-designed systems slow. This is a sign that the software is designed to require a fixed number of files.

A more flexible system generally permits each module to function alone. This is not so simple as it seems.

Finally, some packages might need auxiliary files when running by themselves. On-line versus Batch Processing Microcomputer users take on-line update of files for granted, but accounting often requires a more complex approach. An on-line system must have a means to correct honest errors.

Some systems will force you to make a reverse entry so that both the error and the correction show up on the audit trail; some weaker systems will simply let you get at the data and erase the mistake. You might think that with a completely Figure 1 : Basic interactions between the four financial applications packages.

Codes or Numbers Professional-quality accounting software derives much of its flexibility from the use of codes rather than fixed numbers. A more sophisticated system lets you put in a code rather than a number. The program then looks up the meaning of the code in a control file that contains the tax tables of all the states. As a result, one payroll system can pay employees working in any number of states.

You can therefore organize your files in any directory or subdirectory structure and place them on any drive on the system. Fields of Data One index of the power of an accounting system is the number of data fields in the master files. For example, when processing a customer order, a good larger system will optionally insert the usual shipping address or terms of payment recorded in the customer file.

There is no approved standard for, say, audit-trail generation in the same way there is a COBOL standard. Now, User B also has a copy of the original data, but User A has changed his copy. Meanwhile, User B is changing, for example, xyz to! Justin B. May, Waugh, Dennis Novy, Novy, Dennis, Felbermayr, Gabriel J. Cletus C. Evidence from U. Coughlin, Cletus C. Pinna, Buch, Claudia M. Tamini, Ottaviano, Scott French, Jacopo Timini, Shepherd, Ben, Felbermayr, Serena Fatica, Barro, Hayakawa, Kazunobu, Andre Jungmittag, Joseph F.

Sturm, Titus O. Richard Baldwin Virginia Di Nino, Paul R. Coulibaly, Souleymane, Viaud, Venables, Koch, Claudia M. Agglomeration and trade with endogenous transaction costs ," Canadian Journal of Economics , Canadian Economics Association, vol. Yilmazkuday, Hakan, Hakan Yilmazkuday, Gabriel J. Politecnica Marche - Dept. Economic and Social Sciences. Donald R. Crozet, M.

Pascali, Luigi, Luigi Pascali, Yoto, Cevat G. Treisman, Working Papers , University of Turin. Gianmarco I. Silva, J. Santos Silva, J. Ronald B. Davies and Johannes Voget, Bikker, Joseph S. Manufacturing Declining? Census Bureau. Russell H.

Rutherford, Edward J. Joseph A. Clougherty, Joseph A. Ilka Chase. In Bed We Cry - aa6 John Cowper Powys. A Glastonbury Romance - aa6 AA7 Jacque Godbout. Knife on the Table - aa7 Martin Bugard. Chris J. Ellis, Neal Ferris. The Archaeology of Southern Ontario to A.

Joan Peyser. Frank O'Hara. Jackson Pollock - aa7 Tracy Kidder. House - aa7 Malcolm Lowry. Ultramarine - aa7 Robert Coover. The Public Burning - aa7 Alice Adams. To See You Again - aa7 Joan Didion.

Democracy - aa7 William O'Rourke. The Meekness of Isaac - aa7 Mark Mirsky. Proceedings of the Rabble - aa7 Le Dog - aa7 Keith Maillard. Two Strand River - aa7 Ian McLachlan.

The Seventh Hexagram - aa7 Jim Harrison. Wolf - aa7 John Barth. Sabbatical - aa7 Letters - aa7 Winter's Tale - aa7 Farmer - aa7 Marianne Wiggins. John Dollar - aa7 Vincent Scully, Jr. Modern Architecture - aa7 Margaret Atwood. The Handmaid's Tale - aa7 Piers Paul Read. A Married Man - aa7 The Free Frenchman - aa7 John le Carre. The Looking Glass War - aa7 Jonathan Raban. Foreign Land - aa7 Muriel Spark. The Only Problem - aa7 Ann Ireland. A Certain Mr.

Takahashi - aa7 Paul Quarrington. Home Game - aa7 Wildlife in America - aa7 Thomas Berger. Reinhart's Women - aa7 Giles Goat-Boy - aa7. Thomas Keneally. A Family Madness - aa7 Anne Rice. The Vampire Lestat - aa7 Donald Barthelme. Sixty Stories - aa7 ab AB1 Dulcken, ed. Tales of the Arabian Nights - ab1 Blue Hill Ave. Jeanette Winterson. The World and Other Places - ab2 Hugh Hood.

A Game of Touch - ab2 The Three Hostages - ab2 Jack Kerouac. Orpheus Emerged - ab2 John Fuller. Flying to Nowhere - ab2 The Hotel - ab2 Captain Bruce Warren Ollstein. Kathryn Harrison. The Kiss - ab2 The Sheltering Sky - ab2 AB3 David Plante.

The Native - ab3 Robert Sharpiro. Robert Silverberg. Gilgamesh the King - ab3 Tom Robbins. Skinny Legs and All - ab3 David Malouf. Antipodes - ab3?? Jane Rule. Contract with the World - ab3 Thomas McGuane. Something to be Desired - ab3 AB4 Robert S. A Generation of Leaves - ab4 Mark Probst. Winter Losses - ab4 Collected Poems - ab4 John Julius Norwich. Shakespeare's Kings - ab4 Brazzaville Beach - ab4 Water Music - ab4 AB5 Mervyn Cooke. The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Britten - ab5 Sue Miller.

Family Pictures - ab5 Richard Leakey, Roger Lewin. Origins Reconsidered - ab5 Haydn Middleton. The People in the Picture - ab5 Gerald's Party - ab5 A Good Man in Africa - ab5 Theodore Roszak. Flicker - ab5. Ben Macintyre. Simone Petrement. Simone Weil: A Life - ab6 The Witching Hour - ab6 John Fowles. A Maggot - ab6 Fernand Braudel. Garrison Keillor. Cao Xueqin.

Nobuko Albery. Anderson, ed. Y4 Clark Blaise, Bharati Mukherjee. Days and Nights in Calcutta - ac2 Ayako Sono. Watcher from the Shore - ac2 Lake Sagaris. Takashi Tsujii. A Spring Like Any Other - ac2 Masako Togawa. The Lady Killer - ac2 A Kiss of Fire - ac2 Toyoko Yamasaki. Bonchi - ac2 Robert Smith Thompson. Haruki Murakami. Wind-Up Bird Chronicle - ac3 Laura Joh Rowland. The Pillow Book of Lady Wisteria - ac3 Jay Rubin. Haruki Murakami and the Music of Words - ac3 Cynthia Kadohata.

In the Heart of the Valley of Love - ac3 Lucia St. Clair Robson. The Tokaido Road - ac3 Kyotaro Nishimura. The Mystery Train Disappears - ac3 A Wild Sheep Chase - ac3 Sara Backer. American Fuji - ac3 AC4 Terry Woo. Banana Boys - ac4 Ryu Murakami. Coin Locker Babies - ac4 Alex Kerr. Gish Jen. Typical American - ac4 Banana Yoshimoto. Amrita - ac4. Dernard Newman. Morio Kita. The House of Nire hard cover - ac4 Wei Hui.

Shanghai Baby - ac4 AC5 Tim Moore,Jan Moscowitz. Exploring the Liminal: A personal journey through Southeast Asia - ac5 Sykvester Mawson. Dictionary of Foreign Terms - ac5 Murasaki Shikiebu.

The Tale of the Genji tr. Royall Tyler - ac5 Linda Ching Sledge. A Map of Paradise - ac5 Tom Bradby. The Master of Rain - ac5 Theodore W. Jack Seward. The Japanese - ac5 Fodor's Japan - ac5 AC6 Jan Dodd, Simaon Richmond. Japan: The Rough Guide - ac6 Neil Sheehan. Futabatei Shimei. Ukigumo - ac6 Yasunari Kawabata. Palm-of-the-Hand Stories - ac6 One Hundred Historical Sites in Taiwan - ac6 Kenneth S. Jonathan Cott. Wandering Ghost: Lafcadio Hearn - ac6 Jung Chang. Robert Stone.

Dog Soldiers - ad2 Norman Sherry. Shawn Wong. Zulfikar Ghose. The Beautiful Empire - ad2 Lin Yutang. Moment in Peking - ad2 Milton W. Asia: A Concise History - ad2 Star Black. Insight Guides: Bali - ad2 Willem van Kemenade. China, Hong Kong, Taiwan Inc. Martin Booth. Dan Mahoney. The Two Chinatowns - ad2 Jonathan D. Treason By the Book - ad2 Bharati Mukherjee.

Desirable Daughters - ad2 Evelina Chao. Gates of Grace - ad2 George Woodcock. Beyond the Blue Mountains: An Autobiography - ad2 Munroe Scott.

McClure: The China Years - ad2 Lao Tzu. Tao Teh Ching. John C. Wu - ad2 Zi-Ping Luo. William Arnold. China Gate - ad2 Jasper Becker. Hungry Ghosts: Mao's Secret Famine - ad2 Joe Studwell. Modern China: An Illustrated History - ad2. Michael Shapiro. Japan: In the Land of the Brokenhearted - ad2 The Chinese - ad2 Helen DeWitt.

The Last Samurai - ad2 The Second Son of Heaven - ad2 Brereton Greenhous. Greg Whincup. Rediscovering the I Ching - ad2 Da Chen. Masayo Duus. This objective has been targeted in the equal-sorption key ideas. First, due to causality reasons, the central moving av- Control of Historical Buildings. Edited by Kilian R. The method takes erage applied in the standard was replaced by the simple mov- Brostrom T.

Next, in order to keep the natural variability of the therms, which are usually neglected in common climate control. As demonstrated in in cultural heritage buildings, Climate for Collections - Standards previously addressed in [2]. As a key result, allowable variations [6] and [7] by using simulation experiments, energy consump- and Uncertainties, Ashley-Smith, Jonathan; Burmester, Andreas; of relative humidity from its nominal set-point value have been tion can be reduced signiicantly in comparison to conventional Eibl, Melanie; eds , Archetype Publications, London.

As presented in [3], only elastic deformations take methods. This model describes the hygro- the analysis of various control system installations. For example, functionalities, a module for indoor climate risk assessment and thermal behaviour of mould spores allowing for the prediction diferent control techniques conservation heating, controlled control has been proposed and implemented within the exDSS of mould growth based on surface temperatures and RH. The ventilation, dehumidiication were installed and cross-com- SW application [9] developed for the purposes of the project.

They must exist simultaneously for a certain period Gotland Sweden. The concept for controlled ventilation in the parts: of time. These diagrams describe the germination times Palace Germany were proposed and tested by building simula- Part 1: Future outlook.

This part indicates how the indoor cli- or growth rates. The resulting lowest boundary lines of possi- tion software. The performance of a newly installed controlled mate and risks related to the indoor climate might change in the ble fungus activity are called Lowest Isopleth for Mould. Taking ventilation system in St. This is deined by into account the exponential function decrease of relative hu- conservation heating control system in St. Renatus Germany Figure 1 key characteristics, such as thermal inertia of the walls, glassing midity with increasing temperature in the lowest isopleth, the were monitored within the project activities.

In addition to the simulation 3. This part see the decision tree in Fig. Using this tech- trot programmable controller. Various sub-modules can be add- nique, the most risky zones in the chapel have been identiied.

Local problem Part 3: Indoor climate control methods. For this purpose, the information received Mould Movable year data? The con- tion-based indoor climate control. Consequently, the controller goes through a series of questions structured in the form of a risks?

Yes Mechanical damage Local problem? Interior size: Insects? Yes Movable a set of recommendations and links to further information medium sources. Mechanical Yes Type: damage? No No Other?

No Figure 2: Illustration of decision tree of indoor climate risk as- sessment and control expert system module implemented in the Figure 2 exDSS software.

In: Proceedings Another key task of the Climate for Culture project was to ana- only using driving forces known in buildings physics as shaft ef- toric buildings. The information resulting from this extensive of the 3rd European Workshop on Cultural Heritage Preservation.

Krus, M. The disadvantages of reactivating all these old systems, control. The other cornerstones of the system are the expertise by computational simulation on historic buidlings, In Proc. Mu- we have to diferentiate between real housing services which however, are the diiculties in complying with the latest rules of the project team members, the results of climate prediction seum Microclimates, The National Museum of Denmark, Copen- in the past had a vital function in order to ventilate a building, of ire protection, since these rules were not as strict in the models and particularly the projections of the climate change hagen, pp.

Building and Environment, ral ventilation systems which use diferences in temperature to below. As well as these, the following case studies have been vol. The physical process driv- addressed in the project: ventilation by using existing histor- 2.

Jakiela, S. Further- Arts, Vienna Austria ; new ventilation and dehumidifying jected to changing climate conditions.

These are mostly metal lues in a chamber improve indoor microclimate stability; installation of control- 3. Zitek, P. Developments in Climate Con- out mechanical ventilators to the rooms in which the warm air North Abusir Egypt ; revitalisation of the Monastery of Paular trol of Historic Buildings. Edited by Kilian, R. Bratasz, L. Examples include tion of the heating system for conservation control in Pack- seum Microclimates, T.

Borchersen eds. Czech Republic. The upper floor, where house for imperial guests. Figure 2a is a view of building was turned into a museum. Almost every piece of the interior is in the basement with a system of tunnels made of bricks where 48 kW was calculated.

Later measurements confirmed the a work of art. An analysis of the indoor environment showed outside air is led through a system of vertical shafts in order to theoretical results.

Air was sucked through the underground that the relative humidity is elevated especially in the summer naturally vent rooms in the building.

This type of natural venti- tunnel via a big air handling unit to provide showrooms in the time from the additional moisture that visitors bring into the lation was state of the art at the end of the s coming from western tract with fresh, pre-conditioned air from outside.

Because there is no other possibility of ventilat- England. Each corner of the building has two vertical shafts, This installation helped to overcome critical hot situations in ing the building, the historic windows are opened by the tour one open at the bottom and closed on top, the other closed at summer in the castle and reduced the cooling load.

Since the guides. This again leads to increased fluctuations of the rela- the bottom and open on top. A concept was therefore developed in sev- In summer when there is no diference in temperature, Ameri- side of the castle to provide the eastern parts of the castle eral international expert workshops for a new ventilation sys- can ventilators support the natural ventilation system when big with outside pre-conditioned air.

Aside from metal laps are opened in the attic. An in Hofburg. Through air displacement nozzles on the ground investigation made by the Bavarian Administration of State- With this very simple, yet intelligent, system the whole building floor there is almost no basement in the palace except in the owned Palaces, Gardens and Lakes showed possibilities of was provided with fresh air: cooled air in summer and preheated middle of a small cellar , conditioned air was brought into the using the old air heating system and existing chimneys for air in winter through tunnels in the basement.

Through historic chimneys, opened in air ducts. Figure 2b presents the concept for airing the main In addition, the outside walls of this building have vertical shafts the ground floor to let room air into the shafts, exhaust air was part of the upper floor.

This system will address the parts of which were open in the basement and ended in the attic under transported either by stack effect or by small axial ventilators, the palace with most problems in RH level. The new air inlet is the roof.

These shafts were closed in winter in order to improve horizontally mounted, with flaps against smoke and unwant- planned to be installed in an open constructed chimney. The the thermal quality of the outer walls. Air exchange was controlled automatically chimney was already historically used as an air inlet for warm In summer these shafts were opened for natural cooling ef- using only just enough energy to provide proper ventilation. Fortu- fect to get rid of the outside heat from the walls.

Monitoring In the summer, the castle is pre-cooled during the night. This nately it is possible to install an HVAC system with a sorption has proven that this system works very well. Gener- ing absolute humidity inside and outside the palace. When in an unused cellar room. Since there are a lot of visitors in ally in winter, outside air is dry, and when this dry air has to be KG 1 there is no risk to the inside climate in the showrooms the ven- the palace during opening time, it is foreseen in this concept heated up for a minimum of comfort, the level of dryness drops tilation was activated.

This ventilation system has eliminated to use displacement ventilation. Figure 2b shows the air inlet even more. To get air to keep the indoor climate within the ranges speciied by the currents in both wings of the palace and finally outside, two museum.

When planning for the implementation of natural ventilation in rounded by the Bavarian Alps at about m above sea level. This historic tunnel, about 1. In such a case, a Temperierung 1. Control of Historic Buildings. By using radiative heat, where visitors produce signiicant amounts of moisture, e. For users of buildings as well the same time, it also reduces impacts of higher moisture levels : Building simulation modelling of the historic building as for art, radiation heating has certain advantages in how it in walls above the ground, where problems might occur due to Linderhof Palace taking account visitors.

Proceedings of eSim transports heat in a building to create comfort for humans and water capillary rise because of insuicient waterprooing of old The Canadian Conference on Building Simulation. Halifax, art. Convective heating that is often used but not only in muse- structures. Nova Scotia, May , Halifax ums creates more draft and distributes more dust.

Humid walls 3. Bichlmair, Stefan; Kilian, Ralf and Krus, Martin : Con- and mould problems are not tackled efectively by convective 3. CLIMA , 11th hall of mirrors heat, with all its advantages for people, artefacts, furnishing versity of Fine Arts, Vienna, a museum and store room in the REHVA World Congress and the 8th International Confer- Audience room Vestibule and building and despite its easiest application possibilities, is basement a Temperierung system cannot create only indoor ence on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conserva- so rarely understood, built and used.

When designing the Tem- climate stability. Also energy consumption, investment and tion in Buildings, Prague, Czech Republic, June , perierung wall heating system, i. In buildings of monumental value, the main priority of Arts, Vienna. However, certain aspects should not be overlooked, mould on the rear side.

After refurbishing the toric Linderhof climate control system, reuse of historic ventilation transfer and other building physics characteristics of construc- conventional convective heating, the convectors as well as old systems, solutions for climate control in historic buildings, venti- tion materials.

The room was heated and conditioned solely by wall burg Palace and Linderhof Palace, Germany Figure 2b visitors, the iniltration of outdoor conditions and diferent uses heating which created very stable and damage preventive in- of premises.

The aspect of energy saving has to be considered door climate. Especially with the altar pieces in the side niches that are now 3. At this site, a Temper- Climate for Culture project in cooperation between the Bavar- the plaster on the left showing the calculated moisture distri- ierung wall heating system was installed in the Small Audito- ian Administration of State-owned Palaces, Lake and Gardens, bution after 1. This pilot case the Conservation Heating strategy. This way, 1. Bichlmair, Stefan; Raler, Susanne; Kilian, Ralf: The Temperierung 10 other towers within the same site, where the wall heating sys- too high temperatures during winter time that lead to low rela- heating systems as a retroitting tool for the preventive conser- tem has not yet been installed, e.

Proceedings 9. The conceptual solution stable. The irst results from spring are Figure 1 designing the retroit. An overview from energy performances to its main purpose, proved to have many beneits, for example showing improvements to the indoor environment with relative indoor air quality. Renatus Chapel, Germany St. Renatus Chapel, built in , is situated in a pavilion of Lustheim Palace in Bavaria. Until the beginning of the new millennium, it was completely unheated. The outer walls also have an additional moisture barrier at about 20 cm height that was installed in the s and that did not prevent further damage Figure 2 or high relative humidity in the unheated church.

In the course of a major restoration campaign in , a Temperierung wall heating system was installed Fig. Triangular on the subject of promoting the use of radiative heating in historic mum temperature reached on the target surface and the room 16 buildings and particularly in historic churches, the heating concept temperature. A series of labora- diant eiciency, i. Three experiments have been 8 distribution of several Friendly Heating heaters with diferent heat performed to test how i the front heating approaches the target 6 Moreover, another achieved outcome was the simulation of the sources, power consumption, geometric shape and dimensions.

In 2 conceived Friendly Heating heater prototype assembling, per project with the objective of devising the best heating these experiments, the heating surfaces of the elements were po- 0 each bench of the church, the elements in the more eicient 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 strategy with a compromise between the comfort of visitors and sitioned either vertically or horizontally to the black body target. In order to obtain the boundary conditions of tal results. The total energy use required by prototypes, used as in- of the case studies in the Friendly Heating project, was used for heating eiciency of the Friendly Heating heaters based on the termittent localised heating strategy during services, was 4.

Room temperature was therefore simulated during the geometric characteristics of the elements and represent help- MWh per year, instead of the The maximum eiciency being at 15 cm Fig. For this reason the Distance cm placed in the pews, is proved to be the best heating strategy in and heating regime. The heating eiciency was calculated at each triangular underseat heater has been proven to be the best term of preserving artworks as it meets both the EN decreasing distance, looking at the diference between the maxi- shape for an underseat heater Fig.

Figure 2 and EN [4] requirements. EN Conservation of Cultural Property — Procedures and in- struments for measuring temperatures of the air and the surfaces of objects. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 2. EN Conservation of Cultural Property — Speciications for temperature and relative humidity to limit climate-induced mechanical damage in organic hygroscopic materials.

European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Climate risk assessment in museums. Technische Universiteit Eindhoven 4. EN Conservation of Cultural Property — Indoor climate - Part 1: Guidelines for heating churches, chapels and other places of worship. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, 5. Camufo, D. Second Edition. Elsevier, New York, p. The impact will vary with the speciic characteristics and vulnerability of reversible change.

The impact assessment tools are mathemati- sion of the cause and efect relationship between environmental plaster cal functions either known in the literature or determined with laboratory tests, model simulation factors and material change.

The results concerning the main deterioration factors, threshold calculation of several of its outputs. Real and simulated envi- Some of these functions have been in use for a number of years, levels and critical frequencies have been mapped across Europe. The predict- one of the main aims of the Work Package Damage Assess- the Climate for Culture project by, amongst others, Peter Brim- ed changes from the recent past to the near and far futures have been calculated. Inputs and outputs The irst approach was the most productive.

The remaining The inputs of hourly RH and T data from measurements or simu- The predicted increases in damage to heritage items may have an economic impact as the costs three methods produced interesting results but not in time to lations have been converted into diferent outputs. For the nu- of maintenance increase and the ability of the public to enjoy the experience of visiting a historic be used within the project. These new results are described merically competent, graphs and data distribution histograms property decreases.

The willingness of the public to pay for the additional conservation work elsewhere in the project literature. More friendly pictorial climate maps show needed to maintain collections at pre-climate-change levels has been assessed.

Where there are accepted thresholds that di- below zero degrees and time of wetness. However the majority of functions involve factors related to the chemical and The following discussion records some of the intellectual consider- physical properties of diferent types of heritage objects. It is rare to 1. Uncertain- The stages of risk assessment include estimation, evaluation A number of functions are very dependent on local variables.

Cli- and communication. The communication of risk involves deci- Pollution levels vary greatly between urban, rural and coastal sponses to the deterioration of colour photographs. The choice of scale di- were highly contingent on local conditions and required com- Keeping it real 2.

Fenech, Anne : Lifetime of Colour Photographs in visions and colour ranges for the maps is an important stage plex textual explanations to make them universally useful.

At both the data process- the indoor environment, levels of risks such as mould growth objects, damage function has been derived using dosimeters 3. At- that give a single type of measureable response. However, in re- Demography Colloquium. The dosimeter is 4. Brimblecombe, Peter and Caroline Trends in insect Selecting damage functions While attempting to use the criteria listed, the Climate for Cul- not designed to mimic objects but to measure aspects of the catch in historic properties.

Journal of Cultural Heritage. The range of possible functions and the advantages and dis- ture project has not completely avoided the pitfalls discussed environment.

It looks at short-term changes to fresh materials. It does not explain progress over a period of years or decades. At the present day. However the study pose tive of any relationship to the real world. The RCP4. Chiara Bertolin and Dario Camuffo T: higher variability, above all for small buildings, is expected in Northern Europe from A1B and RCP4. Speciic damage functions have been used to evaluate that will likely occur across Europe.

Risk is expressed by subarctic, 2 humid continental, 3 marine Western coast, 4 traic light method in term of arbitrary units AU as follows: Mediterranean Figure 1. Mechanical damages related to objects are driven Panel painting-base material: over the reference period, all is based on temperature and precipitation that are also funda- by freeze-thaw cycles FTC.

Similarly, NaCl salt crystallisation four climate regions, irrespective of the building types, high- mental for conservation too.

In this simpliication, however, so- cycles SCC and Thenardite-Mirabilite cycles TMC have been light an average situation orange in the risk colour code ran- vereign state borders prevail over small diferent climatic areas, 2 1 considered. For all the above variables risk has been assessed by ging between 0. In the far future, neglecting local departures. Regions 2, 3 and 4 show a larger ran- Europe and for lightweight buildings in Northern Europe. The ge of values. Larger buildings are at higher risk within these areas.

In the buildings will experience a risk decrease down to -1 AU. In the future, the risk will bination of RH and T, as follows. Small buildings instead high- Vivi Tornari, Eirini Bernikola, Nota Tsigarida, Kostas Hatzigiannakis, Michalis Andrianakis, Violeta Bokan Bosiljkov and Johanna Leissner risk slightly increases for small buildings, while the safe region, in light lower growth conditions, especially in the Mediterranean particular for lightweight buildings, is Western Europe.

In the fu- belt. Introduction ciples named digital holographic speckle-pattern interferom- or decrease is expected in Western and Southern Europe and for In the future, the mould growth risk will increase for larger The changing climate and especially changes in temperature etry 1 DHSPI was implemented. Instead in Continental Euro- buildings and above all in Northern Europe zone 1 - up to and humidity have a long-term impact on the physical struc- 2 were used to record environmental conditions while a new pe, however, the risk will decrease down to -1 AU.

The Mediterra- tures of materials. It involves slow but steady changes of the range of experimental sensors were used as well: Glass dosim- nean region does not highlight any change of risk. These spatial of the specific environment either at outdoor positions, in- Chemical deterioration is controlled by both T and RH. The risk 3 and a light increase in risk across the Mediterranean belt.

The deformation natural cavities. The focus of this chapter is primarily graphs is calculated as an overall colour change in terms of Red past as well as in the future, the changes only concern the quan- rium deteriorate the structural integrity. In the presented experimental research, an effort is made to impact of fluctuating RH.

Historic paper: In the past, the lower risk for large building with visualise the invisible effects as they are witnessed by the di- low MBP in Northern Europe lifetime of up to , years , RH e. The moisture of the wood strongly influences the 1. In the Medi- thermal coefficients, d wood treatments or machining and e 3.

Wood 4. University of Ljubljana SI Modern paper: The risk is distributed spatially just like for his- In the far future, the risk will increase, irrespective of building durability and resistance. Wood density is the best indicator toric paper but the quantitative values are a bit diferent. In the Mediterranean erties and endurance. In the far future, the vyweight buildings while it is lower for lightweight building with Applied techniques to detect alterations in artistic materials risk will increase over the Mediterranean belt, although some small window area.

In the Climate for Culture project complimentary types of in- spot safe areas will be still expected. Then the risk will increase strumentation were used for in situ measurements of objects in Western and Central Europe. To measure the relative displace- Biodeterioration of various material types i.

This database is 3 months in each location from 17 February May Each set of glass dosim- Table 2 placements of endangered surfaces in the range of fractions of eter sensors contains three single dosimeters. Two are dosim- Glass dosimeter Glass dosimeter a micrometre. Two sets of dosimeters are installed Figure 1: portable DhSpI system in operation inside. Another set is installed outside. Another potential is the comparison HEATED of GS values to the interferometry deformation values The data traces in the form of interference fringe patterns the local and whole ield displacement ields used in deformation Figure 1 Free Water Sensors The in situ examination of the wall painting from Brezice con- measurements.

As shown in Table 1, these can reveal: This easy-to-read sensor provides information on the available irm the indings: it was observed that the rate of deforma- 55 water content of the air. The 15 1. Mechanical integration assessment results are encouraging for comparative studies using non-con- DHSPI displacement in the heated room: max.

Environmental efects work while the 3DM conirms the cause of the abnormality. This is in line with the T and RH measurements which 0,5 been applied throughout Europe and beyond. The wall painting is located in the unheated chapel. The parative study in a focused area with b 3DM c DhSpI results 0 circles in c-e show the graphical expression and the start of discontinuity.